Phase IV: Brain-Testing Studies, Seabees Sample
Researchers first applied the novel brain-testing technology to the Seabees sample (2007–2008).
A. Cholinergic-challenge experiment showing abnormal cholinergic brain function [References]
B. Neuroimaging studies showing objective brain abnormalities in ill veterans
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Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) (Briggs/Cheshkov) [References]
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Diffusion tensor imaging (McColl) [References]
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Quantitative sensory fMRI (Gopinath) [References]
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Functional connectivity fMRI (Gopinath) [References]
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Emotional memory circuits fMRI (Kraut/Ringe)
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Material-specific encoding memory fMRI (Ringe)
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Attention and executive function fMRI (Rypma) [References]
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Word retrieval fMRI (Hart) [References]
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Auditory and visual memory fMRI (Odegard) [References]
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Complex verbal functions fMRI (Crosson) [References]
C. EEG studies showing objective brain abnormalities in ill veterans (Ferree/Hart)
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Resting EEG
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Functional EEG of response inhibition (continuous performance test) [References]
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Functional EEG of hyperarousal [References]
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Functional EEG with visual threat to differentiate from PTSD [References]
D. Neuropsychological testing (Hart/Cullum)
E. Overview presentations on objective tests in Gulf War illness [References]
Phase IV was funded by an IDIQ research contract from the Department of Veterans Affairs.